Hypertension is a haemodynamic-related disorder characterised by abnormalities of the cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) or a combination of both. 8 Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.7 Department of Cardiology, Beijing Tiantan Puhua Hospital, Beijing, China.6 Department of Research & Development, Beijing Li-Heng Medical Technologies, Ltd, Beijing, China.5 Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Big Data in Pediatric Precision Medicine, Shanghai, China.4 SJTU-Yale Joint Center for Biostatistics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

3 Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.2 Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.1 Department of Cardiology and Hypertension, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.To make the application of ICG even more simple the 4 TECT Sensor-Application has been developed whereby only 4 sensors instead of previously used 8 sensors are necessary. In the result the accuracy of stroke volume calculation can be greatly increased. For this purpose the arterial pulse waves taken from the ear lobe and/or the upper arm are used in addition to the standard ICG signal to detect the true X-point (closing of the aortic valve). Therefore, the new and unique ACM (Arterial Compliance Modulation) - technology has been developed. This is a general methodical problem of impedance technology (including velocimetry, bio-reactance and other derived methods) which can be solved only by using an additional signal. These influences often result in the appearance of curve points in the ICG wave form which could be, falsely, interpreted as the closing of the aortic valve so that the X-point is not detected correctly and the calculation of the stroke volume is inaccurate. early reflection of arterial pulse wave, especially, in case of arterial stiffness.asynchronous work of aortic and pulmonary valves.activity of the right ventricle and the pulmonary system.But in the result of pathological changes the situation can be very different so that the standard ICG wave form can be superimposed by other processes such as In case of healthy people having a low pulse wave velocity in the aorta the systolic part of the ICG wave form is not influenced by the reflected pulse wave so that the fiducial points represent correctly the physiological events which are the basis of the empirical equation for stroke volume calculation. The accuracy of an ICG device depends essentially on its ability to measure high quality ICG signals and the capability of its algorithms for the detection of the fiducial points to eliminate artefacts and to consider the high variability of ICG wave forms. Based on these curve points the stroke volume is calculated using an empirical equation. This curve is known as ICG wave form in which selected fiducial points are detected, such as the B and the X-points corresponding with the opening and the closing of the aortic valve, and the C-point which is the maximum of the ICG curve.

In the result an impedance pulse wave (IMP) is recorded.įor the determination of the stroke volume the first mathematical derivative of the impedance pulse wave (IMP) is used. This voltage corresponds with impedance changes caused by pulse synchronous variations of the blood volume in the thoracic aorta and the alignment of the orientation of the erythrocytes when the blood is pumped out of the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta. The 4 inner electrodes (called measuring electrodes) are placed between the current electrodes and measure the voltage which is caused when the current flows through the thorax. The 4 outer electrodes (called current electrodes) are used to pass a very low constant and alternating current (1.5 mA, 86 kHz) through the thorax which is imperceptible to the patient and does not cause any physiological reaction. For this purpose usually 8 electrodes are placed on neck and thorax. In case of Impedance Cardiography (ICG) – often also named Thoracic Electrical Bio-impedance (TEB) – changes of electrical impedance of the thorax are measured. It is 100% non-invasive, easy to apply and operator independent. This examination method allows a real beat-to-beat measurement of the stroke volume and is, therefore, very suitable for haemodynamic monitoring, fluid management and cardio-vascular function tests.

Cardiograph function